摘要 :
The efficiency of photovoltaic modules is for a large part determined by the solar cell efficiency, but the electrical losses from current transport between the cells and to the module contacts, and optical losses also play an imp...
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The efficiency of photovoltaic modules is for a large part determined by the solar cell efficiency, but the electrical losses from current transport between the cells and to the module contacts, and optical losses also play an important role. In order to investigate the losses in the module the Cell to Module (CtM) ratio is often used. It is determined by the ratio in performance between the module and the cell and gives an indication of the electrical and optical losses in the module. In principle this seems a straightforward approach. However, a good CtM measurement is not as trivial as it seems. Many factors play a role. Not only the way the measurement is done, but also which parameters are used for the cell in the comparison. After all, a module consists of many cells that are all slightly different. The various aspects in measurement and their influence on the CtM ratio will be discussed and suggestions for a correct measurement protocol to determine absolute CtM ratios will be given.
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摘要 :
The efficiency of photovoltaic modules is for a large part determined by the solar cell efficiency, but the electrical losses from current transport between the cells and to the module contacts, and optical losses also play an imp...
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The efficiency of photovoltaic modules is for a large part determined by the solar cell efficiency, but the electrical losses from current transport between the cells and to the module contacts, and optical losses also play an important role. In order to investigate the losses in the module the Cell to Module (CtM) ratio is often used. It is determined by the ratio in performance between the module and the cell and gives an indication of the electrical and optical losses in the module. In principle this seems a straightforward approach. However, a good CtM measurement is not as trivial as it seems. Many factors play a role. Not only the way the measurement is done, but also which parameters are used for the cell in the comparison. After all, a module consists of many cells that are all slightly different. The various aspects in measurement and their influence on the CtM ratio will be discussed and suggestions for a correct measurement protocol to determine absolute CtM ratios will be given.
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摘要 :
The efficiency of photovoltaic modules is for a large part determined by the solar cell efficiency, but the electrical losses from current transport between the cells and to the module contacts, and optical losses also play an imp...
展开
The efficiency of photovoltaic modules is for a large part determined by the solar cell efficiency, but the electrical losses from current transport between the cells and to the module contacts, and optical losses also play an important role. In order to investigate the losses in the module the Cell to Module (CtM) ratio is often used. It is determined by the ratio in performance between the module and the cell and gives an indication of the electrical and optical losses in the module. In principle this seems a straightforward approach. However, a good CtM measurement is not as trivial as it seems. Many factors play a role. Not only the way the measurement is done, but also which parameters are used for the cell in the comparison. After all, a module consists of many cells that are all slightly different. The various aspects in measurement and their influence on the CtM ratio will be discussed and suggestions for a correct measurement protocol to determine absolute CtM ratios will be given.
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摘要 :
This paper introduces the principle and implementation of the wavelet technique, and points out that the output voltage cannot be adjusted by using the original wavelet modulation (WM) technique. To solve this problem, this paper ...
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This paper introduces the principle and implementation of the wavelet technique, and points out that the output voltage cannot be adjusted by using the original wavelet modulation (WM) technique. To solve this problem, this paper proposes a concept of modulation ratio for wavelet modulation, analyses the feasibility of wavelet modulation with modulation ratio theoretically. Finally, the experimental results show that the inverter using the modified WM technique has higher magnitude of the output fundamental along with lower total harmonic distortion by comparing with SPWM on the same modulation ratio.
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摘要 :
This paper introduces the principle and implementation of the wavelet technique, and points out that the output voltage cannot be adjusted by using the original wavelet modulation (WM) technique. To solve this problem, this paper ...
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This paper introduces the principle and implementation of the wavelet technique, and points out that the output voltage cannot be adjusted by using the original wavelet modulation (WM) technique. To solve this problem, this paper proposes a concept of modulation ratio for wavelet modulation, analyses the feasibility of wavelet modulation with modulation ratio theoretically. Finally, the experimental results show that the inverter using the modified WM technique has higher magnitude of the output fundamental along with lower total harmonic distortion by comparing with SPWM on the same modulation ratio.
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High-power (more than 500 mW) and high-speed (more than 1 Gbps) tapered lasers at 1060 nm are required in freespace optical communications and (at lower frequencies of around 100 MHz) display applications for frequency doubling to...
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High-power (more than 500 mW) and high-speed (more than 1 Gbps) tapered lasers at 1060 nm are required in freespace optical communications and (at lower frequencies of around 100 MHz) display applications for frequency doubling to the green. On a 4 mm-long tapered laser, we have obtained an open eye diagram at 700 Mbps, together with a high extinction ratio of 19 dB, a high optical modulation amplitude of 1.6 W, and a very high modulation efficiency of 19 W/A. On a 3 mm long tapered laser, we have obtained an open eye diagram at 1 Gbps, together with a high extinction ratio of 11 dB, an optical modulation amplitude of 530 mW, and a high modulation efficiency of 13 W/A.
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摘要 :
Minimizing the optical and electrical losses from cell to module is essential for highly efficient PV modules. We use metal wrap through (MWT) solar cells with passivated rear surface to integrate them into a PV-module and minimi...
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Minimizing the optical and electrical losses from cell to module is essential for highly efficient PV modules. We use metal wrap through (MWT) solar cells with passivated rear surface to integrate them into a PV-module and minimize the cell to module losses. For this purpose, we analyze the optical properties of different encapsulation materials with respect to this specific cell type, i.e. the absorption losses in the encapsulants and coupling gains from refractive index. The best performing encapsulant shows a cell-to-module power loss of 0 % for a 16-cell MWT module. The fill factor loss is 1.4 % absolute. We reach a module efficiency of 17.4 % on the aperture area implying a CTM-loss in efficiency of only 0.5 % absolute.
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摘要 :
Minimizing the optical and electrical losses from cell to module is essential for highly efficient PV modules. We use metal wrap through (MWT) solar cells with passivated rear surface to integrate them into a PV-module and minimiz...
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Minimizing the optical and electrical losses from cell to module is essential for highly efficient PV modules. We use metal wrap through (MWT) solar cells with passivated rear surface to integrate them into a PV-module and minimize the cell to module losses. For this purpose, we analyze the optical properties of different encapsulation materials with respect to this specific cell type, i.e. the absorption losses in the encapsulants and coupling gains from refractive index. The best performing encapsulant shows a cell-to-module power loss of 0% for a 16-cell MWT module. The fill factor loss is 1.4% absolute. We reach a module efficiency of 17.4% on the aperture area implying a CTM-loss in efficiency of only 0.5% absolute.
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摘要 :
Minimizing the optical and electrical losses from cell to module is essential for highly efficient PV modules. We use metal wrap through (MWT) solar cells with passivated rear surface to integrate them into a PV-module and minimiz...
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Minimizing the optical and electrical losses from cell to module is essential for highly efficient PV modules. We use metal wrap through (MWT) solar cells with passivated rear surface to integrate them into a PV-module and minimize the cell to module losses. For this purpose, we analyze the optical properties of different encapsulation materials with respect to this specific cell type, i.e. the absorption losses in the encapsulants and coupling gains from refractive index. The best performing encapsulant shows a cell-to-module power loss of 0% for a 16-cell MWT module. The fill factor loss is 1.4% absolute. We reach a module efficiency of 17.4% on the aperture area implying a CTM-loss in efficiency of only 0.5% absolute.
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摘要 :
20 Gbaud/s PAM-4 and 28 Gb/s BPSK modulation are demonstrated in a single-drive push-pull silicon Michelson interferometric modulator with~3 dB on-chip insertion loss. The modulator features a compact size and a high extinction ratio.
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